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European Journeys
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Guislain's account of his visit to the Ospedale Psichiatrico S. Maria Maddalena, Aversa (1838) |
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| Location: Via Linguiti N. 43, Aversa, nr. Caserta, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies | |||
| Guislain wrote about his visit to the Ospedale Psichiatrico S. Maria Maddalena on pages 178-185 of his Lettres Médicales sur l'Italie avec Quelques Renseignements sur la Suisse: Résumé d'un Voyage fait en 1838, Adressé à la Société de Médecine de Gand (F. & E. Gyselynck : Ghent 1840). Guislain reported that the Ospedale Psichiatrico S. Maria Maddalena was densely populated with almost two hundred male patients and only one courtyard. Patients’ rooms opened directly onto its first floor hallways, and other than these hallways, there were no common spaces, workshops or the like for patient use. With the exception of the hospital’s magnificent dining hall, the best-appointed rooms in the hospital appeared to Guislain to be off-limits for patients. At mealtimes each patient was given a place on a marble-topped table, had the use of a plate, cup and cutlery, and was served wine. Guislain noted that the hospital was spotlessly clean and the patients (who generally appeared to be in good physical health) wore hospital uniforms which were labelled with their diagnosis. He is less than enthusiastic about the occupational treatments advocated by the hospital superintendent, Dr Simoneschi. He condemned the provision for patient use of theatre facilities, a billiard table, a piano and other musical instruments, and the display of paintings and texts throughout the hospital, as romantic and utterly non-medical. Such frivolities were not curative as far as Guislain was concerned. Guislain reported on the methods of coercion in use at the hospital, as demonstrated by the physicians charged with day-to-day ward management, Drs. Gualandi and Fédéré. Patients to be placed under restraint were first dressed in a shirt and straitjacket and then tied either while standing up or lying down. Guislain reported that he had seen a similar method of restraining patients horizontally in use at Siegburg Asylum near Bonn, where Dr. Jacobi was superintendent. He understood that its use was largely confined to Germany (though at one time it had been used at Charenton in Paris), having been developed by M. Horn of Berlin. Other treatments in use on the male patient wards of Ospedale Psichiatrico S. Maria Maddalena included bleeding, baths and showers. At the time of Guislain’s visit, the hospital’s ward for female patients - called Monte Vergine - took care of almost 160 female mental patients. Here a form of hydrotherapy - fumigations aromatiques - was in use alongside workshop-centred occupational therapy. Guislain reported a local saying to the effect that "insanity changes the natural colour of the skin", and indeed to his eyes the skin of Italian psychiatric patients appeared to be paler than their non-institutionalised compatriots. Yet he noted that Italian patients appeared to be otherwise much more lively and expressive than their northern European counterparts, especially the English, whom he described as languishing and sinister-looking by comparison. Indeed, Guislain noted, when he visited London's Bedlam [Bethlem] Hospital, the only patient that spoke to him - embraced him warmly in fact - turned out to be French. |
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Aliénés. --- Tous les aliénés du royaume de Naples, excepté ceux de l'île (Sicile), sont séquestrés dans trois établissements différents à Aversa… à quatre lieues de Naples. C'est l'établissement de la Maddalena, la Reale casa de' Pazzi, qui… a acquis une réputation européenne. Monte Vergine. --- C'est un autre local à Aversa, dans lequel se trouvent les femmes aliénés, qui étaient au nombre de 160 lors de ma visite… Beaucoup d'aliénées y travaillent; j'y ai même vu un atelier où plusieurs femmes s'occupaient à tisser… On y fait un usage fréquent de bains et de fumigations aromatiques… En général les aliénés italiens offrent une figure très-pâle : --- on sait que l'aliénation change la couleur naturelle de la peau : --- en Italie, où le teint pâle prédomine, cet effet m'a semblé considérable… On y trouve des expressions animées, mais peu langoureuses, peu menaçantes aussi. Tout ceci fait contraste avec ce que l'on trouve dans le Nord de l'Europe, en Angleterre surtout, où les aliénés conservent absolument le caractère froid et répulsif de leur nation; là, pas de tumulte, mais du silence… Quand je visitai le Bedlam, à Londres, un seul aliéné m'adressa la parole, me sautant au cou, m'embrassant avec effusion, se disant le Fils de Dieu : il était français et parlait sa langue. | ||
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Related AsylumsRelated People | ||
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Updated: 7 September 2006 /biogs/E000088b.htm |